Journal Description
Energies
Energies
is a peer-reviewed, open access journal of related scientific research, technology development, engineering policy, and management studies related to the general field of energy, from technologies of energy supply, conversion, dispatch, and final use to the physical and chemical processes behind such technologies. Energies is published semimonthly online by MDPI. The European Biomass Industry Association (EUBIA), Association of European Renewable Energy Research Centres (EUREC), Institute of Energy and Fuel Processing Technology (ITPE), International Society for Porous Media (InterPore), CYTED and others are affiliated with Energies and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, RePEc, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: CiteScore - Q1 (Engineering (miscellaneous))
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 16.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.3 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Sections: published in 41 topical sections.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Energies.
- Companion journals for Energies include: Fuels, Gases, Nanoenergy Advances and Solar.
Impact Factor:
3.2 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.3 (2022)
Latest Articles
Methods and Techniques Supporting Energy and Media Savings in Maintenance of Public Transport Buses—State of the Art and Recommendations
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2051; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092051 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
In the article, the authors discussed the topic of energy and media savings in a public transport company. The article is of a review nature, referring to 100 sources, including scientific papers, books, conference proceedings, and websites. In the first part, a detailed
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In the article, the authors discussed the topic of energy and media savings in a public transport company. The article is of a review nature, referring to 100 sources, including scientific papers, books, conference proceedings, and websites. In the first part, a detailed literature review on environmental protection problems in road transport and methods of solving them was conducted. Subsequently, the authors reviewed the literature content on maintenance as a pro-environmental activity in transport companies. The great accent was paid to the problem of saving energy and media in the maintenance of public transport buses. Based on the literature and knowledge, the authors proposed the possibilities of conducting a rational method of managing the operation and maintenance of buses from the point of view of environmental protection, based on the strategy of predictive bus maintenance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)
Open AccessArticle
CO2 Capture Cost Reduction Potential of the Coal-Fired Power Plants under High Penetration of Renewable Power in China
by
Song He and Yawen Zheng
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092050 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
With a significant share of renewable power generation integrated into the power supply, it is crucial to timely adjust the regulating peak load for coal-fired power plants equipped with CO2 capture to ensure the stable operation of the multi-energy supply system. In
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With a significant share of renewable power generation integrated into the power supply, it is crucial to timely adjust the regulating peak load for coal-fired power plants equipped with CO2 capture to ensure the stable operation of the multi-energy supply system. In this paper, the effects of varying boiler loads on the techno-economic performance of the retrofitted power plant were studied. Furthermore, the potential for reducing the cost of CO2 capture was investigated, and early opportunities for demonstration were discussed. Results showed that when the boiler load decreased from 100% turbine heat acceptance condition to 50% turbine heat acceptance condition, the cost of CO2 capture increased from 37.0 $/t CO2 to 57.0 $/t CO2, cost contribution of energy penalty and extra capital investment also increased from 20.6 $/t-CO2 to 25.7 $/t-CO2, and from 16.4 $/t-CO2 to 31.3 $/t-CO2, respectively. Furthermore, by improving separation efficiency from 0.15 to 0.5, a 25% to 30% reduction in CO2 capture cost can be achieved. The cost of CO2 capture could decrease by 42.2–50.5% when the cumulative capacity reaches 250 GW under the high investment learning rate scenario. According to the distribution of coal prices and renewable energy sources in China, the early demonstration projects of multi-energy supply systems should prioritize the northern region. The results of this work can provide informative references for making roadmaps and policies for CO2 emission reduction toward carbon neutrality.
Full article
Open AccessArticle
Model-Based Algorithm for Flexible Power Point Tracking for Photovoltaic Participation in Primary Frequency Regulation
by
Loredana Cristaldi, Marco Faifer, Christian Laurano, Emil Petkovski, Ferdinanda Ponci, Igor Sowa and Sergio Toscani
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2049; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092049 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly designed for maximum energy production. However, as their presence grows, revised grid regulations increasingly require these systems to partially adhere to the primary frequency regulation (PFR) by reducing their power production when the grid frequency exceeds the
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Grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly designed for maximum energy production. However, as their presence grows, revised grid regulations increasingly require these systems to partially adhere to the primary frequency regulation (PFR) by reducing their power production when the grid frequency exceeds the nominal value. Nevertheless, full participation in PFR of PV systems, without battery storage, would require operating with a dedicated active power reserve to be utilized in the event of underfrequency conditions. This paper presents a model-based (MB) flexible power point tracking (FPPT) algorithm for PV systems. Results of a microgrid simulation show that the proposed algorithm enables a PV system with a nominal power of 100 kW to maintain a 20 kW active power reserve under various irradiation and temperature conditions, with a relative error lower than 3%. Furthermore, a simulation of the PV system assisting in primary frequency regulation is presented. Thanks to the proposed strategy, when employing the algorithm, the frequency deviation is reduced both in the event of underfrequency and overfrequency conditions. By enabling operation with a constant active power reserve, as well as a quick adjustment of the produced active power, in the event of frequency imbalance, the proposed MB algorithm is an interesting candidate for achieving complete PFR capabilities of PV systems.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Experimental Study on a Photovoltaic Direct-Drive and Municipal Electricity-Coupled Electric Heating System for a Low-Energy Building in Changchun, China
by
Qi Zhao, Xiaoyue Liu, Shijie Gu, Jin Tao, Wende Wu, Shuang Ma and Hongwen Jin
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2048; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092048 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper takes a low-energy building in Changchun, China, as an object to test and study the characteristics of two heating modes, AC/DC (Alternative current/Direct current) switching and AC/DC synthesis, from the perspectives of temperature change, irradiation intensity, power generation, electricity consumption, etc.
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This paper takes a low-energy building in Changchun, China, as an object to test and study the characteristics of two heating modes, AC/DC (Alternative current/Direct current) switching and AC/DC synthesis, from the perspectives of temperature change, irradiation intensity, power generation, electricity consumption, etc. Firstly, the experimental research was conducted under two heating cable modes by establishing mathematical models and a test rig, and it was found that the photoelectric conversion efficiency on sunny, cloudy, and overcast days was 18%, 14.5%, and 12%, respectively. A simulation model was established by TRNSYS to run an ultra-low-energy building throughout the year. It was found that the highest and lowest monthly power generation occurred in February and July, respectively. The annual power generation of the system was 6614 kWh, and the heating season power generation was 3293.42 kWh. In the current research, the DC electricity consumption was slightly higher than the AC electricity consumption. Under conditions of similar radiation intensity and power generation, the indoor temperature of the AC/DC synthesis cable heating mode were 1.38% higher than the AC/DC switching heating able mode, and the electricity consumption were 10.9% and 4.76% higher, respectively, than those of the AC switching heating cable mode. This is of great significance for clean-energy heating, energy savings, and emissions reduction in northern China.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Building Energy and Environment, 2nd Volume)
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Open AccessArticle
Modeling of Selected Parameters of Used Lubricating Oil Diluted with Diesel Oil Using the Characteristics of Fresh Lubricating Oil
by
Leszek Chybowski, Marcin Szczepanek, Robert Sztangierski and Piotr Brożek
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092047 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis,
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This article presents the verification of the hypothesis on using certain approximation curves in the evaluation of used lubricating oil. These curves are plotted for fresh lubricating oil to approximate the parameters of lubricating oil diluted with diesel oil. To confirm the hypothesis, an experiment is conducted to determine the flash point, initial boiling point, density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C, and viscosity index. The analysis covers fresh oil and used SAE 30 grade Marinol CB-30 RG1230 oil taken from the circulating lubrication system of a supercharged, trunk-piston, 4-stroke ZUT Zgoda Sulzer 5 BAH 22 engine that is located in the Marine Power Plant Laboratory of the Maritime University of Szczecin. Undiluted lubricating oils (both fresh and used) and mixtures of lubricating oils with diesel oil are examined for diesel oil concentrations in the mixture equal to 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20% m/m. Orlen Efecta Diesel Biodiesel is used to prepare the mixtures. The functions approximating the parameters for fresh oil are determined and adapted to describe the variation of the same parameters for the used lubricating oil. For each case, the coefficient of determination, the maximum relative error of the model fitting to the experimental results, and the root mean square error (RMSE) are determined. In the experiment, the variation in the parameters of the used lubricating oil remained the same as for fresh oil parameters. Thus, the research hypothesis is confirmed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internal Combustion Engine: Research and Application—2nd Edition)
Open AccessArticle
Performance Characteristics and Optimization of a Single-Stage Direct Air Capture Membrane System in Terms of Process Energy Intensity
by
Kamil Niesporek, Janusz Kotowicz, Oliwia Baszczeńska and Izabella Maj
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092046 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The increase in emissions and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere necessitates the implementation of direct carbon dioxide capture technologies. The article presents the characteristics of a single-stage membrane unit for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the air. A membrane
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The increase in emissions and concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere necessitates the implementation of direct carbon dioxide capture technologies. The article presents the characteristics of a single-stage membrane unit for the direct capture of carbon dioxide from the air. A membrane with a selectivity of and permeability is chosen as the reference variant. It is demonstrated that increasing the pressure difference in the system by reducing the pressure of the permeate stream results in an improvement of all analyzed parameters. Manipulating both the membrane surface and its CO2 permeability yields similar results. With an increase in permeability or membrane surface area, the proportion of CO2 in the retentate and permeate decreases, while the degree of carbon dioxide recovery increases. However, the energy intensity of the process is a complex issue due to the presence of a local minimum in the obtained characteristics. Therefore, a relationship between the constants of energy intensity values for the separation process on the surface area field and CO2 membrane permeability is presented. The minimum energy intensity of the process obtained is 22.5 . The CO2 content in the retentate for all analyses did not exceed 280 ppm.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Efficient Thermal Conversion of Carbon-Based Fuels)
Open AccessArticle
Facile Composition of CoNi and Graphene as a Free-Standing Cathode for a High-Performance Solid-State Zinc–Air Battery
by
Jian Hu, Yuan Liu, Tian Han, Lei Xu and Ningkang Sun
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092045 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The development of solid-state zinc–air batteries (SZABs) has stimulated significant interest. However, the practical use of SZABs still encounters difficulties due to the complicated preparation process and low-performance air cathode. In this study, we developed a free-standing CoNi/graphene composite cathode without current collectors
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The development of solid-state zinc–air batteries (SZABs) has stimulated significant interest. However, the practical use of SZABs still encounters difficulties due to the complicated preparation process and low-performance air cathode. In this study, we developed a free-standing CoNi/graphene composite cathode without current collectors and binders. The simplified cathode structure decreased the preparation process, and the self-assembled conductive matrix increased charge transfer, which holds promise for facile preparation and high-performance SZABs. Specifically, a free-standing CoNi/graphene film was fabricated by a simple composition method. The CoNi/graphene electrocatalyst exhibited comparable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalytic activity to that of Pt/C. Furthermore, the CoNi/graphene film could be directly used as a cathode, which showed an open-circuit voltage of 1.41 V and a power density of 210 mW cm−2 in alkaline liquid ZABs, as well as an open-circuit voltage of 1.43 V and a power density of 40 mW cm−2 in alkaline SZABs. This facile preparation and excellent performance offer substantial potential for practical SZAB applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors)
Open AccessArticle
Influencing Factors and Mechanisms of Corporate Social Responsibility Reputation under Green and Low-Carbon Transition: Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies
by
Shuke Fu, Mengxia Tian, Yingchen Ge, Tingting Yao and Jiali Tian
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092044 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Amid China’s pursuit of a green and low-carbon transition, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is facing new challenges. Our research delves into the influencing factors and mechanisms for CSR reputation under green and low-carbon transition and provides practical enlightenment for enterprises to achieve sustainable
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Amid China’s pursuit of a green and low-carbon transition, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is facing new challenges. Our research delves into the influencing factors and mechanisms for CSR reputation under green and low-carbon transition and provides practical enlightenment for enterprises to achieve sustainable development. This paper constructs a comprehensive index system of CSR from five dimensions (innovation, coordination, sustainability, openness, and sharing), and CSR reputation of China’s A-share listed companies is comprehensively estimated by using an entropy method and data from 2013 to 2021. Then, from the perspective of external supervision and internal governance, we discuss the influence factors of CSR reputation, with an emphasis on the impact of public environmental concerns. Finally, the realization mechanism of CSR is further revealed. It is found that public environmental concern and the expansion of the enterprise scale boost the enhancement of CSR reputation. However, a higher proportion of female managers tends to hinder CSR reputation. Furthermore, public environmental concern plays a more prominent role in improving CSR reputation of non-state-owned and eastern enterprises. Additionally, public environmental concern significantly enhances CSR reputation through green technology innovation and executive environmental awareness. This research provides valuable insights for improving CSR reputation and optimizing regulatory compliance and governance practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Industrial Chain, Supply Chain and Value Chain in the Energy Industry: Impacts and Challenges in the Green and Low-Carbon Transition)
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Open AccessArticle
Not All about the Money: The Role of Financial Information in Promoting Residential Rooftop Photovoltaics
by
David Boaz, Ruslana Rachel Palatnik and Ofira Ayalon
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092043 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study investigates the role of financial information in shaping the intention to adopt (ITA) Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic (RPV) systems in Israel—a country with a surprisingly low RPV adoption rate given the high solar irradiance, and significant governmental support for RPV. We used
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This study investigates the role of financial information in shaping the intention to adopt (ITA) Residential Rooftop Photovoltaic (RPV) systems in Israel—a country with a surprisingly low RPV adoption rate given the high solar irradiance, and significant governmental support for RPV. We used an online survey of 899 respondents to examine how different presentations of RPV revenues impact both RPV deal comprehension and ITA. Our results align with existing literature on the roles of early technology adopters and pro-environmental characteristics while introducing two novel findings. First, households value their roofs—especially flat ones used for leisure. This negatively impacts ITA. Second, we found a positive correlation between trust in government entities and ITA, underscoring the importance of trust in institutions. Although financial information does enhance RPV deal comprehension, it does not significantly influence ITA. This study concludes that RPV penetration should not be promoted solely by financial incentives, but also by other motivations like environmental concerns, novelty seeking, and improved institutional trust.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Sources towards a Zero-Emission Economy)
Open AccessArticle
Low-Friction and -Knocking Diesel Engine Cylindrical-Tapered Bore Profile Design
by
Junhong Zhang, Ning Wang, Jian Wang, Hui Wang, Xueling Zhang, Huwei Dai and Jiewei Lin
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2042; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092042 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
To reduce the friction loss and the piston-knocking noise from the perspective of the design of the cylinder bore profile, the piston-ring cylinder bore (PRCB) dynamic model of an L6 diesel engine was developed using AVL-Excite-Piston & Rings. Based on the full-scale test
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To reduce the friction loss and the piston-knocking noise from the perspective of the design of the cylinder bore profile, the piston-ring cylinder bore (PRCB) dynamic model of an L6 diesel engine was developed using AVL-Excite-Piston & Rings. Based on the full-scale test method, the effects of bore taper, starting height of tapered profile, and ellipticity on the friction power and knocking energy of the PRCB system were investigated, and the optimization of the design of the bore profile was carried out with the objectives of minimizing the system’s friction power and the peak knocking kinetic energy. The results showed that the taper of the cylinder bore has the greatest influence on the system’s friction power and the peak knocking kinetic energy, followed by the starting height of the conical profile. For the peak knocking kinetic energy of the piston, there was an obvious interaction between the taper and the starting height of the conical profile. When the taper was 35 μm and 45 μm, the peak knocking kinetic energy showed a decreasing and then increasing trend with the increase in the starting height of the profile, and when the taper was 55 μm the peak knocking kinetic energy monotonically was decreased with the increase in the starting height of the conical profile. The optimization results showed that the system’s friction power was decreased by 15.05% and the peak knocking kinetic energy was decreased by 21.41% for a taper degree of 55 μm, a tapered profile starting height of 31 mm, and an ellipticity of 50 μm compared to the initial cylindrical cylinder bore.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Zero Carbon Vehicles and Power Generation)
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Open AccessArticle
Demand Time Series Prediction of Stacked Long Short-Term Memory Electric Vehicle Charging Stations Based on Fused Attention Mechanism
by
Chengyu Yang, Han Zhou, Ximing Chen and Jiejun Huang
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2041; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092041 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
The layout and configuration of urban infrastructure are essential for the orderly operation and healthy development of cities. With the promotion and popularization of new energy vehicles, the modeling and prediction of charging pile usage and allocation have garnered significant attention from governments
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The layout and configuration of urban infrastructure are essential for the orderly operation and healthy development of cities. With the promotion and popularization of new energy vehicles, the modeling and prediction of charging pile usage and allocation have garnered significant attention from governments and enterprises. Short-term demand forecasting for charging piles is crucial for their efficient operation. However, existing prediction models lack a discussion on the appropriate time window, resulting in limitations in station-level predictions. Recognizing the temporal nature of charging pile occupancy, this paper proposes a novel stacked-LSTM model called attention-SLSTM that integrates an attention mechanism to predict the charging demand of electric vehicles at the station level over the next few hours. To evaluate its performance, this paper compares it with several methods. The experimental results demonstrate that the attention-SLSTM model outperforms both LSTM and stacked-LSTM models. Deep learning methods generally outperform traditional time series forecasting methods. In the test set, MAE is 1.6860, RMSE is 2.5040, and MAPE is 9.7680%. Compared to the stacked-LSTM model, MAE and RMSE are reduced by 4.7%and 5%, respectively; while MAPE value decreases by 1.3%, making it superior to LSTM overall. Furthermore, subsequent experiments compare prediction performance among different charging stations, which confirms that the attention-SLSTM model exhibits excellent predictive capabilities within a six-step (2 h) window.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Electric Vehicles Energy Management, 2nd Volume)
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
An Improved Analytical Thermal Rating Method for Cable Joints
by
Fawu He, Yue Xie, Pengyu Wang, Zhiheng Wu, Shuzhen Bao, Wei Wang, Xiaofeng Xu, Xiaokai Meng and Gang Liu
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092040 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
To improve the utilization rate of cable lines while retaining sufficient security, the accurate thermal assessment of cable is significant for cable operation condition evaluation. The thermal rating for a cable joint, which is regarded as a hot spot of cable lines, is
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To improve the utilization rate of cable lines while retaining sufficient security, the accurate thermal assessment of cable is significant for cable operation condition evaluation. The thermal rating for a cable joint, which is regarded as a hot spot of cable lines, is not covered by the scope of IEC 60287. While the existing publications for cable joint thermal evaluation also have some limitations. In this paper, the quasi-three-dimensional thermal model of the cable joint was established and the iterative solution method for the model is presented. Based on the model, an improved thermal rating method for the cable joint was proposed, which was implemented with monitored surface temperature and load data. The improved method was verified by the finite element method and the results showed an error of less than 5%. The superiority of the improved method was conducted by the comparison between the previously published method and the improved method. The improved method showed a better accuracy than the previously published method. The proposed method in this paper can be complementary to the IEC method, and is easy to use for the operating evaluation of cable joints in the field with the on-line condition monitoring technology.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrical Engineering, High Voltage and Insulation Technology)
Open AccessReview
The Future Design of Smart Energy Systems with Energy Flexumers: A Constructive Literature Review
by
Jin-Li Hu and Nhi Ha Bao Bui
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2039; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092039 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
From powering our homes to driving our economies, energy lies at the heart of humanity’s complex challenges in the modern era. This paper reviews the evolution of smart energy systems, examining their technological advancements and societal implications while proposing a future design framework
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From powering our homes to driving our economies, energy lies at the heart of humanity’s complex challenges in the modern era. This paper reviews the evolution of smart energy systems, examining their technological advancements and societal implications while proposing a future design framework emphasizing four key pillars: holistic resource optimization, adaptive intelligence, environmental harmony, and human-centered design. While they offer numerous benefits, such as enhanced energy efficiency and reduced carbon emissions, smart energy systems also face challenges. These include cybersecurity risks, the complexity of integrating diverse energy sources seamlessly, high upfront costs, and potential compatibility issues arising from evolving technologies. Overcoming these challenges will be crucial for unleashing the full potential of smart energy systems and facilitating their global adoption. Abundant opportunities for further research and development exist in this domain, awaiting exploration and advancement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section C: Energy Economics and Policy)
Open AccessArticle
Dynamic Decoupling Method Based on Motor Dynamic Compensation with Application for Precision Mechatronic Systems
by
Kaixin Liu, Yang Liu, Fazhi Song and Jiubin Tan
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092038 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Motors are widely employed in mechatronic systems, especially in precision multiple degrees of freedom motion systems. In most applications, the dynamic equation between the motor instruction and the actual driving force is simplified as a constant. Subsequently, the static decoupling method can be
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Motors are widely employed in mechatronic systems, especially in precision multiple degrees of freedom motion systems. In most applications, the dynamic equation between the motor instruction and the actual driving force is simplified as a constant. Subsequently, the static decoupling method can be utilized to design the feedback controller. However, in high-precision mechatronic systems, motor dynamics cannot be neglected, and the static decoupling performance is compromised due to discrepancies between motors. In this paper, a dynamic decoupling method is developed to improve the decoupling performance of the multiple-input multiple-output systems. The effects of transmission delays, motor dynamics, and discrepancies between different motors are taken into consideration in the dynamic decoupling method. Furthermore, a data-driven optimization method is developed to estimate the parameters of the dynamic decoupling controller. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are demonstrated through numerical simulations. The experimental results show that the dynamic decoupling control method can achieve a performance improvement at least compared to the static decoupling control method.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Linear/Planar Motors and Other Special Motors)
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Open AccessArticle
Integration of Electric Vehicles and Renewable Energy in Indonesia’s Electrical Grid
by
Ahmad Amiruddin, Roger Dargaville, Ariel Liebman and Ross Gawler
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2037; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092037 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
As the global transition toward sustainable energy gains momentum, integrating electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and renewable energy sources has become a pivotal strategy. This paper analyses the interplay between EVs, energy storage, and renewable energy integration with Indonesia’s grid as a test
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As the global transition toward sustainable energy gains momentum, integrating electric vehicles (EVs), energy storage, and renewable energy sources has become a pivotal strategy. This paper analyses the interplay between EVs, energy storage, and renewable energy integration with Indonesia’s grid as a test case. A comprehensive energy system modeling approach using PLEXOS is presented, using historical data on electricity generation, hourly demand, and renewable energy, and multiple scenarios of charging patterns and EV adoption. Through a series of scenarios, we evaluate the impact of different charging strategies and EV penetration levels on generation capacity, battery storage requirements, total system cost, renewable energy penetration, and emissions reduction. The findings reveal that optimized charging patterns and higher EV adoption rates, compared to no EVs adoption, led to substantial improvements in renewable energy utilization (+4%), emissions reduction (−12.8%), and overall system cost (−9%). While EVs contribute to reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles, non-optimized charging behavior may lead to higher total emissions when compared to scenarios without EVs. The research also found the potential of vehicle to grid (V2G) to reduce the need for battery storage compared to zero EV (−84%), to reduce emissions significantly (−23.7%), and boost penetration of renewable energy (+10%). This research offers valuable insights for policymakers, energy planners, and stakeholders seeking to leverage the synergies between EVs and renewable energy integration to pursue a sustainable energy future for Indonesia.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 100% Clean, Renewable Energy and Storage Solutions to Air Pollution and Global Warming)
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Open AccessArticle
Passive Super-Twisting Second-Order Sliding Mode Control Strategy for Input Stage of MMC-PET
by
Jingtao Zhou, Jianping Zhou, Hao Yang and Liegang Huang
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2036; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092036 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
When the operating state of the power system changes, a modular multilevel converter power electronic transformer (MMC-PET) based on modular multilevel converters cannot perform efficient energy transfer and power conversion under conventional control strategies. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a
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When the operating state of the power system changes, a modular multilevel converter power electronic transformer (MMC-PET) based on modular multilevel converters cannot perform efficient energy transfer and power conversion under conventional control strategies. To address the above problems, this paper proposes a passive, second-order super-helical sliding mode control strategy for MMC-PET by combining passive control and second-order super-helical sliding mode control with a stronger anti-interference capability. First, a Euler–Lagrange model based on positive and negative sequence separation is established according to the mathematical model of the MMC; second, the model of the system is passively analyzed, and a passive controller is designed according to its passivity, and the passive controller is further optimized by using the super-helical second-order sliding mode control, which improves the overall robustness and interference immunity; finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the super-twisting second-order sliding mode passive control strategy is demonstrated by verifying it through the construction of the MMC-PET simulation model and testing it under various non-ideal working conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
Open AccessArticle
Field Plate Integration for Mitigating Partial Discharge Activity in PCB-Embedded Power Electronic Modules
by
Paul Bruyere, Eric Vagnon and Yvan Avenas
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092035 (registering DOI) - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper proposes a concept based on field plate (FP) integration inside printed circuit board (PCB)-embedded power modules. The goal is to reduce the electric field at their surface and thus increase the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Electrostatic simulations are first carried
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This paper proposes a concept based on field plate (FP) integration inside printed circuit board (PCB)-embedded power modules. The goal is to reduce the electric field at their surface and thus increase the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV). Electrostatic simulations are first carried out to analyze the electric field reduction induced by the use of FPs. Then, dedicated experiments are proposed to demonstrate that the actual PDIV increases in AC sinus 50 Hz when FPs are implemented. More specifically, it is observed that an optimal FP length exists. Several analyses based on simulations and experiments are thus proposed to explain this phenomenon. Finally, an assessment of PD activity and PD location is presented to support the analysis. AC sinus 50 Hz characterizations indicate that PDIV can be increased by 178% compared to PCBs without FPs with a proper definition of equipotential prolongation and PCB length.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering 2024)
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Open AccessArticle
Research on the Measurement Method of the Prompt Neutron Decay Constant Based on LHS-DMD-Rossi-Alpha
by
Junguang Li, Jinsen Xie, Nianbiao Deng, Erpin Zhang, Zhiqiang Wu, Ji Tong and Tao Yu
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2034; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092034 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
In response to the significant dependency on empirical judgment in measuring the prompt neutron decay constant with the traditional Rossi-alpha method and the issue of requiring an excessive number of detectors with the DMD-Rossi-alpha method, this paper introduces a calculation method for the
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In response to the significant dependency on empirical judgment in measuring the prompt neutron decay constant with the traditional Rossi-alpha method and the issue of requiring an excessive number of detectors with the DMD-Rossi-alpha method, this paper introduces a calculation method for the prompt neutron decay constant based on a combination of Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS), Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD), and the Rossi-alpha method. Initially, the method uses LHS to expand the sample dataset of neutron noise data to reduce the number of detectors required. It then employs the Rossi-alpha method to construct a Rossi-alpha distribution model from neutron noise data. Finally, it utilizes DMD for feature extraction from the Rossi-alpha distribution model, thereby determining the prompt neutron decay constant. Research findings demonstrate that, by simulating the KUCA facility using RMC3.5 in a near-critical state, the relative error of the α value calculated by the LHS-DMD-Rossi-alpha method model is 9% less than that calculated by the Rossi-alpha method. This approach, capable of enhancing the precision of measuring the prompt neutron decay constant with just a single detector, holds significant theoretical value and engineering significance for the advancement of reactor physics and experimental techniques.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances and Novel Technologies in the Nuclear Industry)
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Open AccessArticle
Selection of Renewable Energy Sources for Modular and Mobile “Green Classroom” Facilities
by
Tomasz Węgiel, Dariusz Borkowski, Rafał Blazy, Agnieszka Ciepiela, Mariusz Łysień, Jakub Dudek, Jakub Błachut, Hanna Hrehorowicz-Graber and Alicja Hrehorowicz-Nowak
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2033; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092033 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
This article aims to demonstrate the technical capabilities and effectiveness of an energy production and management system for school facilities using a modular solution. The system is assumed to generate electricity from renewable sources, such as wind or sun. The potential of renewable
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This article aims to demonstrate the technical capabilities and effectiveness of an energy production and management system for school facilities using a modular solution. The system is assumed to generate electricity from renewable sources, such as wind or sun. The potential of renewable energy sources in Cracow, Poland, was assessed, with a focus on solar energy (photovoltaic panels, PV). Taking into account the installation of heating and other equipment, an analysis of the facility’s electricity demand was carried out. The study recommended the use of a heat pump system to heat and cool the facility. Renewable energy sources will meet 81% of the facility’s projected annual demand, according to the study. An analysis of the energy consumption and production profiles shows that almost 69% of the energy produced by the PV panels is consumed on site. Of the remaining energy, 31% is fed back into the grid and sold to the grid operator or used by other facilities within the shared settlement. The overall balance results in a small electricity deficit that must be covered by the grid. If suitable sites are available, the facilities under study could consider installing a wind turbine as a potential supplement to the energy deficit.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Performance and Application Possibilities of Photovoltaic Modules)
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Open AccessArticle
A Multi-Source Braking Force Control Method for Electric Vehicles Considering Energy Economy
by
Yinhang Wang, Liqing Zhou, Liang Chu, Di Zhao, Zhiqi Guo and Zewei Jiang
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2032; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092032 - 25 Apr 2024
Abstract
Advancements in electric vehicle technology have promoted the development trend of smart and low-carbon environmental protection. The design and optimization of electric vehicle braking systems faces multiple challenges, including the reasonable allocation and control of braking torque to improve energy economy and braking
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Advancements in electric vehicle technology have promoted the development trend of smart and low-carbon environmental protection. The design and optimization of electric vehicle braking systems faces multiple challenges, including the reasonable allocation and control of braking torque to improve energy economy and braking performance. In this paper, a multi-source braking force system and its control strategy are proposed with the aim of enhancing braking strength, safety, and energy economy during the braking process. Firstly, an ENMPC (explicit nonlinear model predictive control)-based braking force control strategy is proposed to replace the traditional ABS strategy in order to improve braking strength and safety while providing a foundation for the participation of the drive motor in ABS (anti-lock braking system) regulation. Secondly, a grey wolf algorithm is used to rationally allocate mechanical and electrical braking forces, with power consumption as the fitness function, to obtain the optimal allocation method and provide potential for EMB (electro–mechanical brake) optimization. Finally, simulation tests verify that the proposed method can improve braking strength, safety, and energy economy for different road conditions, and compared to other methods, it shows good performance.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Management Control of Hybrid Electric Vehicles)
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